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[81] The territory of the Mali Empire was at its height during the reigns of Musa and his brother Sulayman, and covered the Sudan-Sahel region of West Africa. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. When he did finally bow, he said he was doing so for God alone. Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) was the king of the ancient empire of Mali in West Africa. Captivation History summarizes Mansa Musa's story from his ancestors to his descendants as they reigned over the Mali Empire beginning in the 1300s. The Rock art in the Sahara suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife. [80] Ibn Khaldun regarded Wali as one of Mali's greatest rulers. The Mali Empire reached its largest area under the Laye Keita mansas. After the loyalty or at least the capitulation of an area was assured, it was allowed to select its own dyamani-tigui. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. He belonged to the Keita Dynasty and came to power after Abu-Bakra-Keita II left on an expedition to explore the Atlantic Ocean, leaving Musa as his deputy and never returned. Although this time in the kingdom was prosperous, Mali's wealth and power soon declined. [117], The swan song of the Mali Empire came in 1599, under the reign of Mansa Mahmud IV. [60] The anglicised version of this name, Sunjata, is also popular. As founded by Mari Djata, it was composed of the "three freely allied states" of Mali, Mema and Wagadou plus the Twelve Doors of Mali.[60]. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Oct 2020. He could read and write Arabic and took an interest in the scholarly city of Timbuktu, which he peaceably annexed in 1324. The most common measure for gold within the realm was the ambiguous mithqal (4.5grams of gold). jeli), also known as griots, includes relatively little information about Musa compared to some other parts of the history of Mali. [79][80], Musa's reign is commonly regarded as Mali's golden age, but this perception may be the result of his reign being the best recorded by Arabic sources, rather than him necessarily being the wealthiest and most powerful mansa of Mali. [40], Various sources cite several other cities as capitals of the Mali Empire, some in competition with the Niani hypothesis and others addressing different time periods. Rulers of West African states had made pilgrimages to Mecca before Mansa Ms, but the effect of his flamboyant journey was to advertise both Mali and Mansa Ms well beyond the African continent and to stimulate a desire among the Muslim kingdoms of North Africa, and among many of European nations as well, to reach the source of this incredible wealth. [47], According to Jules Vidal and Levtzion, citing oral histories from Kangaba and Keyla, another onetime capital was Manikoro or Mali-Kura, founded after the destruction of Niani. The buildings were constructed from slabs of salt and roofed with camel skins. While this was probably an exaggeration, it is known that during his pilgrimage to Mecca one of his generals, Sagmandia (Sagaman-dir), extended the empire by capturing the Songhai capital of Gao. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [54] Despite this initial awkwardness, the two rulers got along well, and exchanged gifts. The farimba operated from a garrison with an almost entirely slave force, while a farima functioned on field with virtually all freemen. A kl-koun led free troops into battle alongside a farima ("brave man") during campaign. Only sofa were equipped by the state, using bows and poisoned arrows. Each individual farariya ("brave") had a number of infantry officers beneath them called kl-koun or dknsi. [87] The figure of Fajigi combines both Islam and traditional beliefs. Regardless of their title in the province, they were recognised as dyamani-tigui (province-master) by the mansa. Most West African canoes were of single-log construction, carved and dug out from one massive tree trunk.[144]. Afterward, he put himself and his kingdom, West Africa's Mali, on the map, literally. By 1180 it had even subjugated Wagadou forcing the Sonink to pay tribute. [45] He would have spent much time fostering the growth of the religion within his empire. Le Plerinage La Mecque de Mansa Musa (724725/13241325) d'aprs des Nouvelles Sources", "The Big Secret of Celebrity Wealth (Is That No One Knows Anything)", The International Journal of African Historical Studies, "West African empires. His information about the empire came from visiting Malians taking the hajj, or pilgrim's voyage to Mecca. [45], Many oral histories point to a town called Dakajalan as the original home of the Keita clan and Sundiata's childhood home and base of operations during the war against the Soso. The third great account is that of Ibn Khaldun, who wrote in the early 15th century. Musa Keita I (c. 1280 - c. 1337), or Mansa Musa, was the ninth Mansa of the Mali Empire, one of the most powerful West African states. The next great unit of exchange in the Mali Empire was salt. The other characteristic of this era is the gradual loss of its northern and eastern possessions to the rising Songhai Empire and the movement of the Mali's economic focus from the trans-Saharan trade routes to the burgeoning commerce along the coast. More than sixty years after the reign of Sundiata Keita, one of his descendants rose to become the King of Mali. The empire began as a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River, centered around the Manding region. [108] Alvise Cadamosto, a Venetian explorer, recorded that the Mali Empire was the most powerful entity on the coast in 1454. Free warriors from the south came armed with bows and poisonous arrows. Intro music: "Lord of the Land" by Kevin MacLeod and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0. so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. Arab writers from the time said that he travelled with an entourage of tens of thousands of people and dozens of camels, each carrying 136 kilograms (300 pounds) of gold. Musa is reported to have reigned for 25 years, and different lines of evidence suggest he died either. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. [20] For the later period of the Mali Empire, the major written primary sources are Portuguese accounts of the coastal provinces of Mali and neighboring societies.[21]. Sergio Domian, an Italian scholar of art and architecture, wrote of this period: "Thus was laid the foundation of an urban civilization. Musa and his entourage gave and spent freely while in Cairo. A very large number of families that make up the Mandinka community were born in Manding. Mansa Musa's personal name was Musa (Arabic: , romanized:Ms), the Arabic form of Moses. These conflicts also interrupted trade. Mali was thriving for a long time, but like other west African kingdoms, Mali began to fall. Dates: 4001591 C. E.", "Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived? [92] Furthermore, it is difficult to meaningfully compare the wealth of historical figures such as Mansa Musa, due to the difficulty of separating the personal wealth of a monarch from the wealth of the state and the difficulty of comparing wealth in highly different societies. Extensive archaeological digs have shown that the area was an important trade and manufacturing center in the 15th century, but no firm evidence of royal residence has come to light. by Spanish cartographers, shows West Africa dominated by a depiction of Mansa Musa sitting on a throne, holding a nugget of gold in one hand and a golden staff in the other. Al-Umari reported that Mali had fourteen provinces. [15], Musa ascended to power in the early 1300s[i] under unclear circumstances. Wagadou's control over Manden came to a halt after internal instability lead to its decline. [12] However, these hypotheses have been rejected by locals and are inconsistent with the apparent cognate status of Mali and Mand.[19]. The fame of Mansa Musa and his phenomenal wealth spread as he traveled on his hajjto Mecca. [122] They targeted Moroccan pashas still in Timbuktu and the mansas of Manden. In 1534, Mahmud III, the grandson of Mahmud II, received another Portuguese envoy to the Mali court by the name of Pero Fernandes. The Portuguese decided to stay out of the conflict and the talks concluded by 1495 without an alliance.[110]. We all know of Mansa Musa, possibly the richest man to ever exist. [96], According to some Arabic writers, Musa's gift-giving caused a depreciation in the value of gold in Egypt. [70] Two noble brothers from Niani, of unknown lineage, went to Dioma with an army and drove out the Fula Wassoulounk. All rights reserved. Mansa Mahmud Keita II received the Portuguese envoys Pro d'vora and Gonalo Enes in 1487. Via one of the royal ladies of his court, Musa transformed Sankore from an informal madrasah into an Islamic university. Musa's name Kanku Musa means "Musa son of Kanku", but the genealogy may not be literal. They also used flaming arrows for siege warfare. Wali was succeeded by his brother Wati, about whom nothing is known,[82][83] and then his brother Khalifa. [142][143] Numerous sources attest that the inland waterways of West Africa saw extensive use of war canoes and vessels used for war transport where permitted by the environment. Scholars have located the capital in Niani, or somewhere on the Niger, or proposed that it changed several times, that there was no true capital, or even that it lay as far afield as the upper Gambia River in modern-day Senegal. The new Songhai Empire conquered Mema,[93] one of Mali's oldest possessions, in 1465. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The kingdom of Mali was relatively unknown outside of West Africa until this event. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Masuta the Descended is a miniboss in The Shadow Reef. The Mali Empire (Manding: Mand or Manden; Arabic: , romanized: Ml) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1226 to 1670. [59] Those not living in the mountains formed small city-states such as Toron, Ka-Ba and Niani. The bow figured prominently in Mandinka warfare and was a symbol of military force throughout the culture. The emperor himself rode on horseback and was directly preceded by 500 enslaved persons, each carrying a gold-adorned staff. He's especially famous for his hajj to Mecca, during which he sponsored numerous mosques and madrases, and supposedly spent so much gold along the way that the metal was severely devalued, which for many people was not a very good thing. [93], In 1477, the Yatenga emperor Nassr made yet another Mossi raid into Macina, this time conquering it and the old province of BaGhana (Wagadou).[109]. [40], Musa was a young man when he became mansa, possibly in his early twenties. [8] Mansa, 'ruler'[9] or 'king'[10] in Mand, was the title of the ruler of the Mali Empire.

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